mediterranean fruit fly

Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. Figure 2. (http://dpm.ifas.ufl.edu/plant_pest_risk_assessment/documents/Exotic_Fruit_Fly_Pests_report.pdf). 1979. www.invasive.org, Citrus PestsContent last updated June, 2012idtools.org. Egg: The egg is very slender, curved, 1 mm long, smooth and shiny white. Soil Drenching: The soil under host trees with fruit known or suspected to be infested with medfly larvae and host trees under adjacent properties will be treated. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. 245-247. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/11301 Worldwide: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and South America. The economic importance of this fruit fly is increasing due to its invasion of new geographical areas. Figure 14. There is a heavily sclerotized dorsal bridge point at the anterior of the dorsal wing plate. The Mediterranean fruit fly and its economic impact on Central American countries and Panama. There is a wide brownish yellow band across middle of wing. The Mediterranean fruit fly attacks more than 260 different fruits, flowers, vegetables, and nuts. Photograph by USDA. Knowledge of the hosts in one country often aids in correctly predicting those which are most likely to be infested in a newly infested country, but what may be a preferred host in one part of the world may be a poor host in another. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. When the sterile flies mate with the fertile population, no offspring are produced. Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain fruit flies. If you are unable to manage Medfly or do not want to harvest your fruit, consider removing unwanted trees. Similar species. Ther is a wide brownish yellow band across the middle of the wing. A primary method of collecting larvae is by cutting infested fruit. Field guide to medfly infestation. Once an adult Mediterranean fruit fly is positively identified, the number of baited traps throughout that area is greatly increased to capture the flies and remove them from the environment, and to serve as a monitoring tool for the effectiveness of the eradication program. Mediterranean fruit fly; Medfly Found in Western Australia Maggots found in fresh fruit and vegetables may be that of Qfly or Medfly 3-5 mm long, light brown with mottled wings that have distinct brown bands extending to the wing tips After laying eggs in the fruit, some necrosis may be … Newer version of trap used to capture adult of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is a hugely destructive agricultural pest, attacking more than 250 kinds of fruits, nuts and vegetables. Adults have a predominantly dark body with two white bands on a yellowish abdomen. Young fruits become distorted and usually drop. Pest Detection/Emergency Projects. The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not known to be established in the continental United States. The lower corners of the face have white setae. The first of these species, the Queensland fruit fly, occurs in the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria and is an Australian native species. The insect Mediterranean Fruit Fly, the Ceratitis capitata or Medfly, is one of the most serious pest of cultivated plants and, especially, fruit production worldwide. Paradalaspis asparagi Bezzi 1994. Ceratitis citriperda MacLeay Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. 1915. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. Medfly training manual. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in371). Meyer CA. Attacks over 200 species of fruits and vegetables (APHIS 2003) Mediterranean Fruit Fly | National Invasive Species Information Center The last Mediterranean fruit fly was detected in January 2017 and official eradication was declared in July 2017. Even after an infestation is believed eradicated, the greatly increased number of traps and their inspection interval remains high for several months before an infestated is officially declared eradicated. Host preferences vary in different regions. The Mediterranean fruit fly ‘Medfly’ is considered one of the world’s most destructive pests. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reared from fruit of Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Posterior spriacles (left side) (after Phillips 1946) of a larva of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Hardy DE. Species Profile: Mediterranean Fruit Fly. USDA. Lateral view of adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), regurgitating food. Greene CT. 1929. Distribution Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. Oviposition may take place as early as four to five days after emergence during very warm weather, but not for about 10 days when temperatures range between 68 to 72°F (20 to 22.2°C) (Back and Pemberton 1915). 77. Gradually, the wild flies can only find sterile flies to mate, the wild population is eradicated. It attacks a range of cultivated fruits and some fruiting vegetables. Pupae carry the species through unfavorable conditions, such as lack of food, water, and temperature extremes. When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures so that the pest did not become established. The Dominican Republic is now on the list of countries that have successfully eradicated the Mediterranean fruit fly. 1991. Fasulo. Walp. The Mediterranean fruit fly remained a problem in Morocco and many other areas in the Mediterranean, South America and Australia and a solution was in search. Medfly, as it is commonly known, infest more than 200 hosts worldwide. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. 1971. Larvae leave the fruit in largest numbers at or just after daybreak and pupate in the soil or whatever is available. 1976. The older version of the trap used a protein bait that captured large numbers of non-target insects. Back EA, Pemberton CE. Development in egg, larval, and pupal stages stops at 50°F (10°C). Martin Kessing. Proceedings of the Entomology Society of Washington 51: 81-205. The thorax is creamy white to yellow with a characteristic pattern of black blotches. Pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). UC/AID Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project at the University of California, Berkeley. The hypostomium has prominent, rounded subhypostomium; post-hypostomial plates curved dorsally to the dorsal bridge, fused with sclerotized rays of central area of dorsal wing plate. Lack of fruit for three to four months reduces the population to a minimum. 1998, Papadopoulos 2008). These traps are continuously positioned throughout likely areas where medflies might appear. Figure 6. The dorsal wing plate is nearly as long as the pharyngeal plate. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. The apex of the wing's anal cell is elongate. StephensonB@maf.govt.nz. The anal lobe is either bifid or entire. Unless proven otherwise, all cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of the plant species listed herein are considered suitable hosts of C. capitata. Berg GH. Studies in Hawaiian fruit flies. Mediterranean Fruit Fly Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) are distantly related to Drosophila and might reasonably be expected to react to CR in the same manner if one assumes that the CR mechanism is highly conserved and public. When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures so that the pest did not become established. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. 1957. Lower corners of the face have white setae. Larval cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). INTRODUCTION: The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests. Journal of Agricultural Research 3: 363-374. Once it is established, eradication efforts may be extremely difficult and expensive. United States Deptartment of Agriculture, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Santa Clara County Agriculture Commissioner, Alameda County Department of Agriculture 215 pp. Publication EENY-214. Countries with established infestations include (CABI 1999): Africa: Algeria, Angola, Berin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Keyna, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malwai, Mali, Maritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St. Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Central American and Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Europe: Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Maderia Islands, Portugal, southern Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovenia, Spain, Yugoslavia, South American: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Medfly attacks a wide range of fruits and fruiting vegetables, decreasing production and making fruit inedible. Thomas, M.C., J.B. Heppner, R.E. University of Florida. The anterior of the dorsal bridge has a prominent sclerotized point. Figure 23. These traits along with its’ broad host range make the Medfly the most economically important fruit fly species. Scientific Name Common Name (http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm). The Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata or Medfly) is considered the most important agricultural pest in the world. When the eggs hatch, the larvae promptly begin eating. 2001). The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii. (17 July 2001). 13 pp. In this age of jet transportation, the medfly can be transported from one part of the world to some distant place in a matter of hours, which greatly complicates efforts to contain it within its present distribution. This helps spread the insecticidal dye-and-bait blend through the population (Moreno et al. The Medfly has spread throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America and Hawaii. The abdomen is oval with fine black bristles scattered on dorsal surface and two narrow transverse light bands on basal half. Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 489-504. The Mediterranean fruit fly has posed a threat to Florida’s citrus industry since 1929. It attacks more than 350 plant species and the damage it causes amounts to several hundred million dollars per year. There are usually nine to 10 tubules, although there may be seven to 11. Mediterranean fruit fly impact in Central America. The females can be separated from most other species by the characteristic yellow wing pattern and the apical half of the scutellum being entirely black (White and Elson-Harris 1994). Photograph by Ken Walker, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; www.forestryimages.org. Internac. Figure 1. The thorax of the adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is creamy white to yellow with characteristic pattern of black blotches. Both sexes are sexually active throughout the day. (http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/medfly.shtml). When the daily mean temperature averages from 76 to 78°F (24.4 to 25.6°C), most females are ready to mate from six to eight days after eclosion. University of Florida. Fruit Stripping: Fruit will be stripped from all host trees on a known larval properties and within 200 meters (656 feet). Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate colder climates better than most other species Life cycle of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), from left to right: adult, pupa, larva and eggs. Some hosts have been recorded as medfly hosts only under laboratory conditions and may not be attacked in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology 64: 708-713. Crop Knowledge Master: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler cli… Mediterranean fruit fly. Attached is a world list of hosts grouped according to their importance according to best available information. Figure 25. In Florida, the FDACS-Division of Plant Industry will cooperate with USDA-APHIS in regulating the actions of both commercial entities and homeowners. Life history of the Mediterranean fruit fly from the standpoint of parasite introduction. Eggs hatch in 1.5 to 3 days during warm weather. Back and Pemberton (1915) noted that this period may be increased to at least 19 days when the daily temperature means drop to about 69 to 71°F (20.6 to 21.7°C). Figure 15. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. Annual Review of Entomology 5: 171-192. During warm weather eggs hatch in 1.5 to three days. Older version of trap used to capture adults of the Adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Several females may use the same deposition hole with 75 or more eggs clustered in one spot. Incidence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in Florida, 1929-1998. They can fly short distances, but winds may carry them a mile or more away. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae. Figure 24. Figure 17. Mitchell WC, Andrew CO, Hagen KS, Hamilton RA, Harris EJ, Maehler KL, Rhode RH. Figure 20. The male has a pair of bristles with enlarged spatulate tips next to the inner margins of the eyes. The larvae feed upon the pulp of host fruits, sometimes tunneling through it and eventually reducing the whole to a juicy, inedible mass. White IM, Elson-Harris MM. 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